Bills Passed in Parliament
▪ Tribal reservation bill 2025 in Goa Assembly
✓ to Readjust ST Representation in Goa Assembly
▪ Manipur Goods and Services (Amendment) Bill 2025
✓ It amends the Manipur Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017
▪ National Sports Governance Bill 2025
✓ to provide for the development and promotion of sports, welfare measures for sportspersons, ethical practices based on basic universal principles of good governance
▪ National Anti-Doping (Amendment) Bill 2025
✓ to strengthen the National Anti-Doping Act, 2022, granting greater autonomy to the National
Anti-Doping Agency (NADA)
▪ Taxation Laws Amendment Bill 2025
✓ to amend the Income-Tax Act, 1961 and the Finance Act, 2025.
▪ Indian Ports Bill 2025
✓ establishes the Maritime State Development Council (MSDC) as a statutory consultative body to coordinate between the Centre and coastal States
▪ Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 2025
✓ strengthening the exploration and extraction of critical minerals
▪ IIM (Amendment) Bill 2025
✓ for setting up the 22nd IIM in the country at Guwahati
▪ Online Gaming Promotion and Regulation Bill 2025
✓ bans real money games in India citing national security and welfare
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
▪ The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 introduced some major changes to the Indian Constitution. This act, also known as the Constitutional amendment Act, 1976, made the following changes to the Constitution:
▪ Reducing the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts
▪ Formulated fundamental duties for citizens
▪ Words – Socialism, Secular and Integrity were added to the Preamble
▪ The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act as ‘Mini Constitution’
▪ The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 changed the basic structure of the Indian
Constitution National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
Proposed Law
▪ The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) was created through the 99th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 2014 and the NJAC Act, 2014.
▪ It attempted to replace the Collegium system for appointing judges to SC and HCs with a multistakeholder system.
Structure of NJAC
✓ Chief Justice of India (Chairman)
✓ Two senior SC judges
✓ Union Law Minister
✓ Two eminent persons (selected by Prime Minister, Chief Justice and Leader of Opposition, one from SC/ST/OBC/Women/Minorities)
Why was NJAC struck down?
▪ In 2015, a 5-judge bench (4:1) ruled it unconstitutional as NJAC violated the basic structure doctrine.
▪ The court noted that judicial primacy in appointments is part of the basic structure, and NJAC allowed the executive to interfere through veto powers.
▪ Concerns about judicial independence and the possibility of 3-3 deadlocks led to the rejection of the law.
