Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
▪ It was established in 2001 by the People’s Republic of China
Member countries
▪ China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Iran
▪ SCO 2025 Summit – Tianjin
BRICS
▪ BRICS is Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
▪ Initially, in 2009 there were only four countries.
▪ South Africa joined in 2010.
▪ It is associated with five emerging economies of the world that have a significant influence on
regional affairs.
▪ It was formed in 2009 and since then the governments of these 5 countries met annually at formal summits.
Lipulekh Pass
▪ Lipulekh Pass is a high-altitude Himalayan mountain pass located in the Kumaon region of
Uttarakhand, India, near the trijunction with Nepal and China (Tibet Autonomous Region).
▪ It sits at an elevation of approximately 5,334 meters (17,500 feet) and serves as a strategic trade and pilgrimage route, especially for those traveling to Kailash Mansarovar in Tibet
