Physical Geography
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
- Context: Scientists note that the current El Niño is intensifying towards a ‘Super El Niño,’ while the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is simultaneously in a negative phase. This combination could lead to a weak monsoon and drought-like conditions in India.
About the Indian Ocean Dipole
- It is a climate phenomenon based on the temperature difference between the western and eastern regions of the Indian Ocean.
Phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole
Positive Phase (Indian Niño)
- Temperature: The western Indian Ocean (near Africa) warms up, while the eastern region (near Indonesia/Australia) cools down.
- Winds: Normal westerly winds weaken or change direction.
Impacts:
-
- India – Higher rainfall, strong monsoon
- Africa – Heavy rainfall and flooding
- Australia & Indonesia – Drought and wildfires
Negative Phase
-
- Temperature: The eastern Indian Ocean warms, while the western part cools.
- Winds: Westerly winds strengthen along the equator.
Impacts
- India – Reduced rainfall, weak monsoon.
- Australia and Indonesia – Increased rainfall, flooding.
- Africa – Dry conditions and drought.
Neutral Phase
- Conditions: Sea surface temperatures remain close to normal levels.
- Outcome: Balanced weather patterns and normal rainfall distribution.
Significance
- Plays a key role in monsoon activity in India.
- Influences rainfall patterns in Africa, Australia, and Indonesia.
- Can cause sea-level variations and increase the risk of coastal flooding.
