Physical Geography Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Context: Scientists note that the current El Niño is intensifying towards a 'Super El Niño,' while the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is simultaneously in a negative phase. This combination could lead to a weak monsoon and drought-like conditions in India. About the Indian Ocean Dipole It is a climate phenomenon based on the temperature difference between the western and eastern regions of the Indian Ocean. Phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole Positive Phase (Indian Niño) Temperature: The western Indian Ocean (near Africa) warms up, while the eastern region (near Indonesia/Australia) cools down. Winds: Normal westerly winds weaken or change direction. Impacts: India – Higher rainfall, strong monsoon Africa – Heavy rainfall and flooding Australia & Indonesia – Drought and wildfires Negative Phase Temperature: The eastern Indian Ocean warms, while the western part cools. Winds: Westerly winds strengthen along the equator. Impacts India – Reduced rainfall, weak monsoon. Australia and Indonesia – Increased rainfall, flooding. Africa – Dry conditions and drought. Neutral Phase Conditions: Sea surface temperatures remain close to normal levels. Outcome: Balanced weather patterns and normal rainfall distribution. Significance Plays a key role in monsoon activity in India. Influences rainfall patterns in Africa, Australia, and Indonesia. Can cause sea-level variations and increase the risk of coastal flooding.
