G-20 Summit
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- The G-20 summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, marking the first time the grouping has been hosted in an African country.
- India’s Proposals/Initiatives:
- Proposed initiatives to reconsider global growth parameters to balance growth and promote “integral humanism.”
- Announced the G-20-Africa Skills Multiplier Initiative to impart skill development to “one million” people across the African continent.
- Proposed a G-20 Global Healthcare Response Team.
- Proposed a G-20 Initiative on Countering the Drug-Terror Nexus.
- Proposed a Global Traditional Knowledge Repository: To transmit sustainable and “eco-balanced ways of life” to future generations.
- Proposed a G-20 Open Satellite Data Partnership: To share information related to agriculture, fishing, and disaster management.
- Proposed a G-20 Critical Minerals Circularity initiative: To promote recycling and sustainable mining methods.
- Australia-Canada-India Technology & Innovation (ACITI) Partnership:
- The goal is to deepen cooperation on critical and emerging technologies, resilient supply chains, clean energy, and artificial intelligence (AI).
- Note: United States boycotted the summit; no U.S. leader attended due to tense ties with South Africa.
COP30 (Belem, Brazil)
Summit Outcome
- COP30 concluded with a consensus agreement titled “Global Mutirão: Uniting humanity in a global mobilisation against climate change.”
- COP President Andrei Lago announced two major global road maps to be prepared:
- Road map to halt and reverse deforestation.
- Road map to transition away from fossil fuels in a just, orderly, and equitable manner.
- This Mutirão refers to a consensus on the most contentious climate-talk issues:
- Article 9 (Paris Agreement): Developed nations must mobilise finance for developing countries’ energy transition.
- Measures against trade-restrictive unilateral climate actions (a key concern among developing countries).
- Progress on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
- Addressing the 1.5°C ambition and implementation gap.
- The final consensus text, the Mutirão Agreement, includes:
- A two-year work programme on climate finance.
- A call to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035.
- A new systematic dialogue with UN trade bodies (ITC, UNCTAD, WTO) to ensure climate measures do not hinder trade or growth in developing countries.
- The adaptation goal falls under the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG):
- Developed countries must mobilise $300 billion per year by 2035.
- Aim to scale up to $1.3 trillion annually from all sources in later years.
- The Mutirão agreement does not mention fossil fuels or a phase-out road map.
- India and several developing/petroleum-exporting countries stand:
- Opposed inclusion of a timeline for complete phase-out of fossil fuels.
- Argued for flexibility as economic growth and energy needs remain high.
- Developed Countries’ Stand:
- A clear fossil-fuel transition pathway is essential to limit warming to 1.5°C by 2100.
- Climate finance for mitigation and adaptation must come from both public and private sources.
